In 'New Ethncities' Hall's central aim seems to be to decouple ethnicity from nationalism (or violent nationalism?). Usually, nationalism is seen as a product of modernity, even though ethnonationalism can also be pre-modern. In that context, can we think of nationalism as violent per se? While Frantz Fanon emphasizes the role of violence in anti-colonial nationalism, shouldn't I distinguish it from colonialist nationalism? How can Hall's understanding of ethnicity be relevant to indigenous communities fighting against settler colonization and for self-determination?
Given how Nazism is deeply connected with Mussolini's fascist model, why does Hall feel the need to clarify that Gramsci's work is relevant to conversations on race? Did the Holocaust become deracialized by the time Hall wrote the essay in 1986?
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